Understanding Learning
Is the sense of learning methods with the same model of learning? Learning methods have in common sense assumptions about learning model. Namu if traced further, there is little difference that is, the method can be defined as a procedure in the delivery or behavior and the behavior of teachers who performed at the time of the material with a view to creating learning situations that provide traction paada students and support the smooth running on the process learning so that student achievement can be achieved and satisfying. If so, then the method merupakn things or procedures that teachers in delivering the material review focuses on patterns of learning operation or set of actions. The learning method is a method used by teachers to implement the plan that has been prepared in the form of real and practical activities.
According Sudjana (2005: 76), Understanding the learning method is one way to put the teacher in making contact with the students during the learning takes place. The learning method is no more a way-the way in which teachers to create teaching situations that really desired by the students of course fun and support for the smooth process of teaching and learning activities in order to achieve the learning objectives and student achievement exceeded. In its activities in the classroom, the implementation of this method is a good teacher immediately respond quickly in a variety of opportunities for students to develop the skills, such as listening, use of language, to express his opinion and the teacher becomes a facilitator in this activity in the development of students' achievement by always providing the support, motivation, and that evokes the spirit of learning that is packaged in a lesson plan (RPP). In addition, understanding the learning method can be interpreted as ways to perform activities systemized of a neighborhood comprised of educators and learners to interact with each other in doing an activity so that the process of learning goes well in terms of teaching objectives achieved. Furthermore, according to M. Sobri Sutikno (2009: 88) states that the learning methods are ways of presenting the subject matter made by educators for a process of learning on students in an effort to achieve the goal.
The various methods of learning are as follows
Teaching Methods
Lecture method is a method that is very popular and very much once practiced by teachers. This is of course because this method is very easy to apply to the student. in addition, the presentation also does not require a lot of media. Lecturing or another as college pulpit is one form of presentation of the lesson by giving a verbal explanation unaided only relevant media tools. the name alone lecture, then in the event of a teacher only as a resource and information provider orally. Use the lecture method is highly dependent on the ability and skill of the teacher in the process and deal with information. because basically, the lecture method is the main activity centered on the teacher alone. namely, gurulah which play a full role in this method. to determine the success and achievement in this method is needed mastery of materials, forums / audience, and have high levels of language skills and good intonation.
The objective is to deliver a lecture material which is information (concepts, notions, and principles) which contains information and spacious as well as discoveries are rare and have not been widespread. In particular, a lecture aims, namely
a. Creating a rationale for the student student writing materials so that students can learn through written material results of teacher lecture has been delivered.
b. convey the broad outlines of the content and important issues contained in the content.
c. Stimulate students to learn independently and foster curiosity through learning enrichment.
d. introducing things still new to give an explanation in theory and practice.
e. As an initial step to transform into other methods in an attempt to explain the procedure to be followed students during the learning process.
The Advantages Of Weakness and Lecture Method is Excess Methods Lectures
1. Cost-effective in the sense of inexpensive and efficient in the use of time.
2. Easy to apply. means the provision of material can be adapted to the constraints of time, the character of the students, and the limitations of the equipment and can adjust the schedule to the unavailability of teachers teaching materials in writing.
3. It enhances and gives students the power to hear and menumbuhkankembangkan interest in learning more.
4. The method can provide additional insight lectures widely from source and other materials for teachers can be hooked-ngaitkannya into everyday life.
Disadvantages Methods Lectures
1. Can make students feel bored. especially when the teacher is not able to organize.
2. Can cause verbal on students
3. Subject to the lecture method is limited to what the teacher remembers only
4. Can be detrimental to students who have poor hearing level and the level of absorption / high perception
5. The lack of response and stimulation of the students because the students as the audience just as a listener
6. The teacher-centered learning course so that the activities taking place at the direction of the teacher as a resource and is more active in the classroom so as to make sure the students quickly bored and tired because students just always listen without any other activities that enable students
Methods FAQ
Question and answer method is a method by means of delivery or presentation method of learning that teachers in the process of learning through a two-way interaction or a "two way traffic", ie from the teacher to the student or otherwise of students to teachers in order to obtain answers certainty on the material presented teachers through a verbal response from the teacher or the student. In this method the teacher and students are equally active. but in the process, students should still get the earnest attention of teachers so that students have a sense and inquisitive as elementary school age children must be nourished with proper informed and reasonable. therefore, teachers are required to master the techniques of questioning and types of questions, but also in high spirits in building an enabling environment for the sustainability discussion.
The purpose of the question and answer method is
Checking and to ascertain the extent of the student's ability to lessons received.
Provide opportunities for students to develop into question the teacher about a problem and the problem is not yet known
c. Motivate and lead to an active student learning competencies and precise in answering questions with confidence and strive to always better are students who have not been active and can not answer can be prepared at the next opportunity.
d. Train students to think and speak consistently and systematically based on the concept right.
e. Encourage students to be active, understand and interact actively in the learning process so that the learning objectives can be realized.
Excess question and answer method
a. Can give appeal and focus students on the matter or subject
b. Can be used as an evaluation of the student standing in classroom learning activities frequently asked questions and the responses and responses that diutaran students continuously.
c. Add stimuli to the students in utilizing the power of thought and the power of reason to students.
d. Cultivate courage in expressing his opinion.
e. Being a process of transformation for learning activities to other methods.
Disadvantages question and answer method
a. In large classes, the question can not be distributed to all students so that students have the opportunity not the same in the answer or ask questions.
b. Students who do not actively less attention or not directly involved mentally.
c. Creates a feeling of nervousness and lack of confidence to students who do not have the courage and mental strength in answering and asking.
d. Can waste a lot of time when students are not responsive to the questions set by the teacher.
Methods Discussion
Discussion method is a method that teachers in an effort to get around in the course of learning by engaging students to discuss and find alternative solutions to a particular topic that is problematic in groups so that each student can give and solve the problem together. So that learning can deliver blistering power of its own for students as a challenge that must be solved.
The goal of a method of discussion on the development of student learning in the classroom
a. Train students in developing and processing skills in asking, communicate, seek and conclude the problem.
b. Train and shaping social attitudes and emotional stability in students.
c. Develop the ability to think independently in solving problems that foster a positive attitude on the individual student.
d. Developing students' success in finding his opinion.
e. Train students to give and take a view that has a sense of courage in the opinion by consensus.
Excess on the method of discussion is
a. Can encourage students to participate actively and well as the participants, the questioner, a buffer or a moderator of a discussion space with a variety of things.
b. Raises creativity in finding ideas, opinions, or ideas to solve problems.
c. Fosters critical thinking skills democratically.
d. Inculcate good emotional stability to be able to appreciate and accept suggestions and opinions of others premises does not impose his own opinion so as to create conditions for giving and receiving.
e. The resulting decision as a group will determine the quality of a problem with the product is much better than the berikir own.
Deficiencies in the method of discussion is
a. It is difficult to find an appropriate topic of problems with reasoning power level and students that have relevance to the environment.
b. Require an indefinite period.
c. Talks less focused and often widespread and even float.
d. Dominated by the active students.
e. Require a flexible tool to establish the appropriate place.
f. Can not provide the right solution and settlement in its implementation because sometimes difficult to apply.
g. If not carefully prepared and well by teachers, differences between students' opinions can cause a shift in assumptions and lead to negative things in the form of acts of violence or physical clashes.
Methods Working Group
group work method is a method that teachers in classroom learning activities in a way to condition students in a group or the group as a whole by giving an assignment to be discussed and solved in groups. Deeper, group work method is a form of learning that focuses on the interaction between members of the group in order to complete the tasks of learning together. Therefore, the role of the teacher before and after the lesson activities always able to provide and selecting learning materials that are manipulative able to involve students in working and collaborating successfully with the group.
In its application in the classroom, group work method can at least consider wisely and proportionately on the basis of, a). facilities are available, b). individual differences in learning and students' learning abilities, c). pay attention to the type of work, d). region of residence of students, e). sex, f). increase the participation of students in the group, g). based lottery / rendem / random system.
The use of group work method aims
a. Instilling the willingness and ability to cooperate among fellow students.
b. Improving the socio-emotional and intellectual involvement of the students in learning activities that take place.
c. Increasing attention to the process and outcome of the learning process in a balanced and more focused.
Excess on the working methods of the group is
a. Train students active in searching for material to be able to accomplish these tasks.
b. After cooperation and cohesion in the group.
c. Develop and train students and teach leadership skills in the process of group discussion.
Shortcomings in the working methods of the group is
a. Provide an opportunity for students who are active and able to act while the students who are less active and able to think more just shut up and do not do anything.
b. Requires a variety of facilities, good for indoor or physical facilities and learning resources televan.
Method of Providing Duty
The method of assignment is a learning method that teachers are eager to stimulate students to seek and find their own answers to the assignment of teachers. In addition, the method of administration is one of the tasks of teaching ways that teachers to know and follow the next activity whether lesson activities can already be accepted and digested by the students or not, then the administration will determine the success of this method as a benchmark in the achievement of the learning process further . Therefore, the way the teacher in providing an alternative assignment of students solving problems that it faces. Students can further optimize learning if students can or homework assignments from teachers and the like. So that the student is lacking active and conscious self can perform these tasks by finding and processing the data or the answer myself with digging material or information from other sources relevant.
Excess on the method of administration is the task
a. Creating active students to learn in groups or independently.
b. Stimulate students to learn more, both close to the teacher and the time away by the teacher, or in the classroom and outside the classroom.
c. Developing properties on student independence.
d. Inculcate the habit for students to seek and cultivate its own information and communication is the right answer.
e. Make students excited to learn because it can be done by varying.
f. Foster responsibility and discipline students.
g. Developing students' creativity.
Disadvantages of the method of administration is a task
a. Difficult to control students learn on their own or whether he was told by a friend or someone else.
b. Difficult to give a task that corresponds to the level of the individual differences of each student.
c. Monotonous tasks which can give the student boredom.
d. Tasks are many and often also can make the load and socio emotional exhaustion students.
e. The task group is done by a particular person or any diligent student.
Methods Demonstration
Demonstration method is a way of presenting the lesson and demonstrate to students demonstrating a form of process, situation, or it could be a particular object being studied either in the form of actual and displayed in the form of artificial teachers to attract and bring the students' learning activities towards a situation conducive. This activity is used as part of teacher for the purpose of demonstrating or showing a procedure that must be students that the material can not be delivered via oral only. Demonstration method is a method or process of learning activities related to the action as the process of arranging things, working process and use it, compare and or to see and test the truth.
The purpose of giving this demonstration method is
a. Teach a process or procedure that must be owned by the students or to be dikusai by students.
b. Mengkonkritkan information to students significantly.
c. Develop observational skills, hearing, and vision students together.
Excess on demonstration method is
a. Make lessons more vivid and meaningful in a concrete and can avoid verbal.
b. Easier for students to understand the material with good labih.
c. The process would appear to draw lessons for students and teachers
d. Stimulate students to be more active in observing and can try yourself.
e. Lessons with a demonstration method can be presented with a form of learning materials that can not be done by using another method.
Disadvantages In the demonstration method is
a. Require a special experience and skills to teachers
b. Limitations in learning resources, learning tools, a situation which must be conditioned and requires a long time to demonstrate it.
c. Requires maturity in the preparation and implementation
Method Performance / experiment
Experimental method is a method that demands of the development of science and technology in order to produce a product that can be enjoyed by the community in a safe and well. activities with the use or performance of the experimental method is a way that teachers do in penyampaikan material to show and explain the evidence through a study. This activity is an activity that can help students to be encouraged to construct their knowledge (students) themselves scientifically and rationally and can improve the experience to the next level later in the future. Performance or experimental methods can be interpreted as a way of learning that can involve students with experience and prove yourself process and results of the experiments are done. The role of the teacher in this activity must have sufficient readiness and really be able to process the material to encourage students to come to work or experiment. This method is quite powerful in the 21st century, due to the development of science and technology that is growing and changing demands of the output of the students have a competitive edge and a much better ability to face the future pernasalahan.
Objective methods of performance / experiment is
a. Students are able to deduce facts, information, or data obtained.
b. Trains students to design, prepare, execute, and report on experiments.
c. Train students to use logic with inductive and rational thinking.
Excess on method performance / experiment is
a. Make students believe in the truth or conclusion in determining problems with the experiments of his own than to receive information from teachers or others.
b. Students are actively involved in gathering facts, information, or data that is required by the experiment does.
c. Can use and implement procedures scientific method and scientific thinking.
d. Enriching experience with things that are objective, reaalistis, and eliminate verbal.
e. Learning outcomes acquired ownership betalian be long.
Deficiencies in methods of performance / experiment is
a. Requires a complete experimental equipment and adequate.
b. Can inhibit the rate of learning in research that requires a relatively long time.
c. Make it difficult for teachers and students if teachers are still inexperienced in conducting research.
d. Failures and errors in the experiment will result in errors of inference.
Simulation Methods
Simulation method is a method that is used as a teaching method to simulate the real situation into an artificial situation. For example is the teacher to simulate the movement of the moon around the sun. This method greatly becomes important when fostering growth and the role of self-esteem or pride in the students' lives, more so at primary school age in the lower grades. Simulation method can be interpreted as a way of teaching presentation using artificial situation to describe the actual situation so that students gain an understanding of the essence of a concept, principle or skill. In the new order, the simulation method is often used by teachers in upgrading P4 (guidelines appreciation and experience of Pancasila). in this method also, the student can be involved as a player or a simulator or as a spectator who can provide assessment and with regard to the course of the simulation and can retrieve the contents of a simulation of the translation of the material. Simulation games, role playing and sociodramas is one belonging to the simulation method.
The purpose of the simulation method is
a. Practice the skills that are practical for the development of everyday life.
b. Foster self-confidence in students.
c. Develop persuasion and communication.
d. Train students to be able to solve the problem by utilizing relevant sources.
e. Improve understanding of concepts and principles
f. enhance the activity of student learning in an everyday occurrence in the environment of students.
Excess simulation method is
a. Create comfort students to learn in the classroom.
b. Nurturing creativity of students.
c. Cultivate courage and steadiness of student performance in front of the crowd.
d. Simulation method may prepare experiences for students in the future.
Disadvantages simulation method is
a. Require flexible grouping of students, as well as space and Facilities that support.
b. Simulated experience is not always right and goes perfectly with the actual reality on the ground.
c. Simulation method can cause noise in the classroom and neglected to become a tool of entertainment.
d. Shame, doubt and lack of confidence resulting simulation method does not run properly and or obstructed.
e. Simulation method requires the imagination of the teacher and students are high.
Methods of Inquiry
Inquiry method named after the method of the invention. This method is a method which way they are presented to give students the opportunity to find information kepad with or without the help of a teacher. Inquiry method is a method that involves students in the mental processes in order to answer questions on discovery. thus, enabling students to discover for themselves the necessary information from various sources to achieve learning goals.
The objective method of inquiry is
a. Increase student involvement in finding and processing the lesson material taken.
b. Reduce dependence students to teachers to get their learning experience.
c. Train students to have their own awareness of the need for learning.
d. Inculcate the habit to students for independent learning that lasts a lifetime.
The advantages of the method of inquiry is
a. More emphasis to the inquiry method of learning in the processing of information by the students themselves.
b. Creating self-concept of students increased by discoveries he gets.
c. Have a great possibility to improve and expand its inventory in the mastery of skills in students' cognitive processes.
d. The findings obtained by the students can be a right of ownership of knowledge and are usually very difficult to forget.
e. Not making that teacher as the sole source of learning for students because students can acquire learning resources and resources of various types of information.
f. Malatih students to think independently, creative and resilient and can memperileh discovery exciting experience.
Disadvantages of the method of inquiry is
a. Not according to the class of large number of students.
b. Require adequate facilities.
c. Requires the application of the old to the students because it is difficult to change the way students learn that normally receives information from teacher to actively seek and find themselves.
d. Freedom given to the student teachers are not always able to be used optimally, because sometimes students even his own confusion in use.
Teaching Methods Unit
Methods of teaching unit is one teaching method that solves the problem in terms of the various angles of subjects as a whole. such as school hygiene problems. cleanliness not only in the spotlight on specific subjects, namely the health lessons. However, the problem is also related to the cleanliness of school science lessons, religion, and even mathematics. Thus it can be interpreted that a problem can be solved by using and involving various approaches or other subjects. The method of teaching is a way of teaching unit that directs the activities of students in solving a problem that first formulated together. Methods of teaching units can be defined as a way of presenting the lesson starts from a problem that can be explored from various aspects are interconnected and pemecahannyapun done overall and bernakna. teaching this unit can be expressed as an integrated learning or thematic learning. The importance of integrated learning or thematic learning is one of the factors of the foundation curriculum development in the 21st century.
Objective methods of teaching the unit is
a. Train students to think comprehensively in the manner of assessing and solving the problems of the various forms of discipline or from various aspects.
b. Train students to use the skills or the scientific method in solving the problem.
c. Form a critical attitude, cooperation, curiosity, respect time, and respect for others.
d. Train students to have the ability to plan, organize, and lead an activity.
e. Develop communication skills.
The advantages of the method of teaching the unit is
a. Help students think more comprehensively
b. Broaden students' horizons in science with the diversity of the various sources of information
c. In particular pay attention to the characteristics of students
d. Creating a democratic climate in learning where students can also participate in determining the topics to be discussed
e. Teaching methods tailored to the developmental level unit students, ask and talent of the students, so it will be a meaningful learning activities and manarik for students.
Disadvantages of the method of teaching the unit is
a. It's hard to find topics that match their interests, talents, and understand the level of primary school students' learning progress.
b. Requires a special skill in carrying out this method.
c. Requires a considerable cost.
d. Requires a relatively long time.
e. Allowing a problem-solving vague and shallow as seen from various disciplines of science and not all disciplines that can be mastered by the students as well.
Of each of the above methods, having the characteristics and the design and administration of their own behavior. Understanding the learning method is to lead to a series of actions planned, structured based on the purpose and objectives of teachers in learning activities towards a good situation, smooth, and beneficial to the student so that the student can be accepted subject matter well. The role of the teacher in the classroom learning activities at the forefront of success in achieving learning goals and objectives of education in primary schools are set out in the national education goals. So, duly teachers can master a variety of methods, models, techniques, and strategies in efforts for educating the nation's present and future.
